Cryptographic Signatures Explained

An interactive playground to understand how signing and verifying messages works.

System Parameters

Modulus (n)

Base (g)

These are public values everyone agrees to use.

Your Identity

Secret Key (s) (Private)

Public Key (pk) (Public)

(g × s) mod n

Sign Message

Message (m)

Digital Signature (sig)

(m × s) mod n

123

Verify Signature

(pk × m) mod n

(sig × g) mod n

✓ Valid Signature

How It Works: The Math Behind the Magic

Try it! Change any of the values above. Notice how changing the secret key or message invalidates the signature, but changing them back makes it valid again.